by Chris Ching
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This up to date guide will teach you the basics of the Swift programming language.
If you’ve ever tried to learn Swift, you’ll know that there are tons of outdated resources floating around the internet because Swift is in its infancy and Apple updates the language so often.
It’s a tremendous effort, but I’ve kept the following tutorials up to date and will continue to do so!
With that said, let’s dive into the lessons!
Psst! Download and print out my trusty Swift Syntax Cheat Sheet.
Table of Contents
1. Variables
In this lesson, you’ll start at the very beginning with variables.
In this lesson, you’ll start at the very beginning with variables.
2. Data Types
This lesson will show you some of the common data types you work with when building apps.
This lesson will show you some of the common data types you work with when building apps.
3. If Statements
Learn how to write code that can make decisions!
Learn how to write code that can make decisions!
4. Switch Statements
Switch statements are another way for your code to make decisions. Drama 2 0 3 download free.
Switch statements are another way for your code to make decisions. Drama 2 0 3 download free.
5. Loops
Sometimes you just need to repeat something. Loops are just for that!
Sometimes you just need to repeat something. Loops are just for that!
6. Loops Part 2
More on loops…
More on loops…
7. Functions
In this lesson, you’ll learn how to organize your code into actionable functions.
In this lesson, you’ll learn how to organize your code into actionable functions.
8. Functions Part 2
There’s a lot to functions! This lesson goes into more depth.
There’s a lot to functions! This lesson goes into more depth.
9. Classes
Classes are another way to organize your code. Calendar 366 plus v1 3 2 download free. This lesson is a must!
Classes are another way to organize your code. Calendar 366 plus v1 3 2 download free. This lesson is a must!
10. Classes Part 2 – Inheritance
More on classes…
More on classes…
11. UIKit
The UIKit framework provides a lot of reusable code for us!
The UIKit framework provides a lot of reusable code for us!
12. Initializers
Initializers are important to understand along with classes.
Initializers are important to understand along with classes.
13. Optionals
In this lesson, you’ll learn what an optional is.
In this lesson, you’ll learn what an optional is.
14. Properties
Properties are kind of like variables but in the context of a class.
Properties are kind of like variables but in the context of a class.
15. Initializers Part 2
More on initializers…
More on initializers…
16. Arrays
You’re starting to learn about collection types now! Arrays are first.
You’re starting to learn about collection types now! Arrays are first.
17. Dictionaries
Dictionaries are another collection type.
Dictionaries are another collection type.
Challenges
Want to test what you’ve learned? Take a crack at the challenges below!
You may have to review some of the lessons to refresh your memory but I guarantee that completing these challenges will reinforce what you’ve learned in the lessons above.
When you complete all of the challenges, get your name on the Wall of Fame in the next section!
Instructions
Challenge #1: The Lost Animal Challenge
In this challenge, you’ll write a function that searches two arrays to find an animal.
In this challenge, you’ll write a function that searches two arrays to find an animal.
Challenge #2: The Caterpillar Challenge
In this challenge, you’ll implement the missing function code to make this caterpillar go!
In this challenge, you’ll implement the missing function code to make this caterpillar go!
Challenge #3: The Library Challenge
In the toughest challenge of this series yet, you’ll complete the class definition to enable searching for books, checking in/out books and also checking for errors too!
In the toughest challenge of this series yet, you’ll complete the class definition to enable searching for books, checking in/out books and also checking for errors too!
Solutions
Get your name and Twitter profile mentioned here!
Step 1: Complete the challenges in the Challenges section above.
Step 2: Click the card below to send out the tweet! I’ll see your tweet and I’ll add your name below and a link to your Twitter profile.
I completed all the Learn Swift challenges! Try them here: https://codewithchris.com/learn-swift @CodeWithChrisClick To TweetAfter you complete the challenges, Click to Tweet above and pronounce your victory! I’ll add your name below:
Here, you’ll find information about the how to use the Swift programming language.
If you’re new to Swift, check out A Swift Tour inThe Swift Programming Language, for a quick introduction to themost important concepts and features of the language.
Installing Swift
The first step to using Swift is to download and installthe compiler and other required components.Go to the Download pageand follow the instructions for your target platform.
In order to follow along with the examples below,make sure to add Swift to your
$PATH
.On macOS
The default location for the downloadable toolchain on macOS is
/Library/Developer/Toolchains
.You can make the latest installed toolchain available for use from the terminal with the following command:To select any other installed toolchain, use its identifier in the
TOOLCHAINS
variable. The identifier can be found in toolchain’s Info.plist
file.On Linux
- Install required dependencies:
Ubuntu 16.04 | Ubuntu 18.04 | Ubuntu 20.04 | CentOS 7 | CentOS 8 | Amazon Linux 2 |
---|
If you installed the Swift toolchain on Linuxto a directory other than the system root,you will need to run the following command,using the actual path of your Swift installation:
On Windows
Visual Studio and Swift
You will need to install both the toolchain installer from theDownload page and Visual Studio 2019.
The following Visual Studio components are required:
Component | Visual Studio ID |
---|---|
MSVC v142 - VS 2019 C++ x64/x86 build tools (v14.25)1 | Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.Tools.x86.x64 |
Windows Universal C Runtime | Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.Windows10SDK |
Windows 10 SDK (10.0.17763.0)2 | Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.Windows10SDK.17763 |
1 You may install a newer build toolset.
2 You may install a newer SDK instead.
2 You may install a newer SDK instead.
The following additional Visual Studio components are recommended:
Component | Visual Studio ID |
---|---|
C++ CMake tools for Windows | Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.CMake.Project |
Git for Windows | Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.Git |
Python 3 64-bit (3.7.8) | Component.CPython.x64 |
The default installation location for the toolchain on Windows is
%SystemDrive%LibraryDeveloperToolchains
.Support Files
Note that you must use the
x64 Native Tools for VS2019 Command Prompt
to runthe toolchain. The x64 Native Tools for VS2019 Command Prompt
runs theDevEnv
script from Visual Studio that sets up the necessary environmentvariables to find the system headers.In order to make the Windows SDK accessible to Swift, it is necessary to deploya few files into the Windows SDK. The following will modify your Visual StudioInstallation, and as such will require to be run from an (elevated)“Administrator”
x86 Native Tools for VS2019 Command Prompt
.Because it is installing the files into the Visual Studio image, the files willneed to be copied each time Visual Studio is updated.
Swift Version
You can verify that you are running the expected version of Swiftby entering the
swift
command and passing the --version
flag:The
-dev
suffix on the version numberis used to indicate that it’s a development build,not a released version.Using the REPL
If you run the
swift
command without any other arguments,you’ll launch the REPL, an interactive shellthat will read, evaluate, and print the resultsof any Swift code you enter.Apple Learn Swift
Interacting with the REPL is a great way to experiment with Swift.For example, if you enter the expression
1 + 2
,the result of the expression, 3
, is printed on the next line:You can assign values to constants and variables,and use them in subsequent lines.For instance, the
String
value Hello, world!
can be assigned to the constant greeting
,and then passed as an argument to the print(_:)
function:If you enter an invalid expression,the REPL will print an error showing where the problem occurred:
You can use the up-arrow and down-arrow keys (
↑
and ↓
)to cycle through previous lines entered into the REPL.This allows you to make a slight change to a previous expressionwithout retyping the entire line,and is especially convenient for fixing errors like the one in the previous example:Another useful feature of the REPLis that it can automatically suggest functions and methodsthat can be used in a particular context.For example, if you enter
re
after a dot operator on a String
valueand then hit the tab key (⇥
),the REPL will give a list of available completionslike remove(at:)
and replaceSubrange(bounds:with:)
:If you start a block of code,such as when iterating over an array with a
for-in
loop,the REPL will automatically indent the next line,and change the prompt character from >
to .
to indicate that code entered on that linewill only be evaluated when the entire code block is evaluated.All of the functionality of Swift is available to you from the REPL,from writing control flow statementsto declaring and instantiating structures and classes.
You can also import any available system modules,such as
Darwin
on macOS and Glibc
on Linux:On macOS
On Linux
On Windows
The REPL depends on Python bindings. You must ensure that Python is availablein the path. The following command adds Python to the PATH so that it can beused:
Because the Windows installation separates out the SDK from the toolchain, a fewextra parameters must be passed to the REPL. This allows you to use multipledifferent SDKs with the same toolchain.
Using the Package Manager
Swift package manager provides a convention-based system forbuilding libraries and executables, and sharing code across different packages.
These examples assume you have made
swift
available in your path;see Installing for more information.Once available, you can invoke the package manager tools: swift package
, swift run
, swift build
and swift test
.Creating a Package
To create a new Swift package, first create and enter a directory named
Hello
:Every package must have a manifest file called
Package.swift
in its root directory.You can create a minimal package named Hello
using:By default the init command will create a library package directory structure:
You can use
swift build
to build a package. This will download, resolve and compile dependencies mentionedin the manifest file Package.swift
.To run the tests for a package, use:
swift test
Building an Executable
A target is considered as an executable if it contains a file named
main.swift
.The package manager will compile that file into a binary executable.In this example,the package will produce an executable named
Hello
that outputs “Hello, world!”.First create and enter a directory called
Hello
:Now run the swift package’s init command with executable type:
Use the
swift run
command to build and run the executable:Note: Since there is only one executable in this package, we can omit theexecutable name from the
swift run
command.You can also compile the package by running the
swift build
command and then runthe binary from .build directory:As a next step, let’s define a new
sayHello(name:)
functionin a new source file, and have the executable call thatinstead of calling print(_:)
directly.Working with Multiple Source Files
Best Way To Learn Swift
Create a new file in the
Sources/Hello
directory called Greeter.swift
,and enter the following code:The
sayHello(name:)
function takes a single String
argumentand prints our “Hello” greeting before, substituting the word “World”with the function argument.Now, open
main.swift
again, and replace the existing contents with the following code:Rather than using a hardcoded name as before,
main.swift
now reads from the command line arguments.And instead of invoking print(_:)
directly,main.swift
now calls the sayHello(name:)
method.Because the method is part of the Hello
module,no import
statement is necessary.Run
swift run
and try out the new version of Hello
:To learn about the Swift Package Manager,including how to build modules, import dependencies, and map system libraries,see the Swift Package Manager section of the website.
Using the LLDB Debugger
You can use the LLDB debugger torun Swift programs step-by-step,set breakpoints,and inspect and modify program state.
As an example,consider the following Swift code,which defines a
factorial(n:)
function,and prints the result of calling that function:Create a file named
Factorial.swift
with the code above,and run the swiftc
command,passing the filename as a command line argument,along with the -g
option to generate debug information.This will create an executable named Factorial
in the current directory. Viper ftp 5 2 3.Instead of running the
Factorial
program directly,run it through the LLDB debuggerby passing it as a command line argument to the lldb
command.This will start an interactive consolethat allows you to run LLDB commands.
For more information about LLDB commands,see the LLDB Tutorial.
Set a breakpoint on line 2 of the
factorial(n:)
functionwith the breakpoint set
(b
) command,to have the process break each time the function is executed.Run the process with the
run
(r
) command.The process will stop at the call site of the factorial(n:)
function.Use the
print
(p
) commandto inspect the value of the n
parameter.The
print
command can evaluate Swift expressions as well.Use the
backtrace
(bt
) commandto show the frames leading to factorial(n:)
being called.Learn Swift Pdf
Use the
continue
(c
) commandto resume the process until the breakpoint is hit again.Use the
print
(p
) command againto inspect the value of the n
parameterfor the second call to factorial(n:)
.Use the
breakpoint disable
(br di
) commandto disable all breakpointsand the continue
(c
) commandto have the process run until it exits.Learn Swift Coding
Now that you’ve been introduced to the Swift REPL, build system, and debugger,here are a few suggestions for what to do next:
- Check out the Package Manager project pagefor a deep dive into the Swift build system and package manager.
- Read Contributing to Swiftto learn about the different ways you can participate in the Swift community.
- Go to developer.apple.com/swiftfor additional Swift resources, including videos, sample code, and playgrounds.